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[Music]

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hello everyone my name is announcer i'm

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a master student of physics at the

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university of heidelberg and i'm also an

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intern with the european space agency

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this summer through the leaps program

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which is a cooperation between the

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university of leiden and the european

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space agency i'm going to talk about my

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research project we start out with an

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internship that is also going to be the

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project of my master's thesis so my

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project concerns looking at martian

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analog environments so environments on

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earth that resemble and like things that

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we find on mars and to extract samples

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there analyze them throughout the

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spectroscopy and close imaging and then

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have a reference space for the exomars

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2022 mission that will land a rover on

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mars in 2023 and so it can have like a

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reference what to look for when looks

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here you can see a world map of the

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distribution of samples and but i want

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to talk in particular today about one

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specific area that is like mount edna

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and sicily i went there recently for a

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field trip and i want to talk about

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specifically about this martian

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environment and what you might learn

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about this and what might be interesting

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to learn from there about the

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astrobiology of mars

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so the exomars 2022 mission that's like

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the one where i'm gathering the samples

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for um it's like a mission that already

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sent an orbiter to mars was launched in

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2016 and in 2022 it will launch also a

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rover

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and a lander and on the side you can see

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the rover and of particular interest to

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me is like this little gray box that you

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see there because this contains a drill

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system and the exomas rover will be this

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will basically be called an

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astrobiological laboratory in wheels and

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will be the first row we're able to

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drill into the subsurface up to death of

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two meters and would then analyze the

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samples from there the landing area is

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oxyplanar it's of particular interest

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because it looks like a hydrated clay

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rich batter so it might be a good chance

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to find like organic or organic signs or

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signs of formal life on mars

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um you're probably familiar with the

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early geological history of earth and

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mars and that actually earth and mars

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very early in the development were quite

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similar

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so for example if you look um if you go

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back for four billion years that is

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actually the time when oxyplanum was

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formed and actually the time also where

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it might be most likely to find signs of

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formal life on mouth why because there

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might have been the possibility that

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during this time there was actually

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liquid water on the surface so indeed

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you see a substance you see an artist's

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impression what this might have looked

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like so you see the northern hemisphere

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is basically covered by an ocean

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um however there is like dispute over

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this if there was ever the conditions of

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the atmosphere

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were well enough if there was ever

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enough pressure to actually sustain

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liquid water so take this with like a

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grain of caution um the interesting

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thing is about the formation of these

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salts is so there's an idea of how the

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environment could look like um you have

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geothermal vents and so that you

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actually have like volcanic activity and

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volcanic activity was very widespread on

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both early earth and mars it might have

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provided very important and very

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distinct environments where life might

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have lived so therefore it's like

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interesting for us to understand

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volcanic environment nowadays on earth

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this is um the exomas um resin franklin

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rover and as you can see there is like

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you can now look inside um this little

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gray box inside a little gray box there

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are two instruments like there many

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instruments but the two instruments of

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particular interest to me are the

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close-up imager and the raman laser

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spectrometer because i have analog

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instruments that can actually match the

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capabilities of these instruments this

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allows me to go to marginal environments

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take samples there and then have a base

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of comparison with when exomars goes on

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mars so the close-up imager is basically

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a camera system that can take up

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close-up images as the name says

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of old crops on mars

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and the process actually is like you

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have the mask this like mask and the pan

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cam it looks for an interesting outcrop

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then the rover moves there takes a

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picture with a close-up imager from

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different um from different distances

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you can also have that stacking so you

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can basically have like kind of like um

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you have you can focus in different

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layers

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um and then the drills and then they can

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decide where they want to drill where it

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looks like morphologically interesting

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for them to drill you can also see the

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drill can be tilted so it cannot only

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drill into the subsurface they can also

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drill to an outcrop and then once they

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have a drill core they can actually use

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the rls the raman spectrometer to make a

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ramen like ramen analysis of it good

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thing about raman is it can also like

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even if you have small traces of a

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diagonic material ramen can tell you

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then it is there

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um however

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even if we have like interesting results

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from exomars we also need a certain

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context in which to interpret this so

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this is like very important for us to go

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to martian analog environments to look

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for environments of nitrogen conditions

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on mars or on on form

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past mars and for this i want to talk

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about a particular mass analog

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environment where i collect my samples

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from that is mount aetna

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so i went to mont etna in july as part

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of the euromoon mass network aetna

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campaign we were a team of several

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scientists several engineers who were

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all students it was like a student

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campaign so the engineers were very very

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excited about the terrain because as you

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can see it like very much very much

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resembles those outcrops and like the

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gravel that you find on mars so the

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outcrops are actually lava flows and the

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gravel is basically ash that falls when

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you have an eruption and you can also

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see from the from the little picture of

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an eruption we actually witnessed an

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eruption that was very close by only we

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were only five kilometers away because

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mount etna is also one of the most

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active volcanoes in the world it's very

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well monitored so there's little danger

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but it was still very impressive to see

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uh i would only want to want to talk

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about the lava flows i also want to talk

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about another interesting volcanic

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environment and those are the saline so

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the saline are an area of hydrothermal

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activity

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um that is little to the to the south

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east

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southwest of aetna in a town called

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patano

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um and they're very interesting because

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they

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resemble an environment on mars that are

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also called mud volcanoes but i will

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talk about this later

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so first of all what makes a volcanic

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environment interesting for astrologers

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of course you want to know how life can

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adapt and survive in these environments

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as you can see there are very few plants

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in this area because actually it is very

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difficult for plants to grow there

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because there is no there are no organic

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materials in the soil so most plants you

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have some pioneer plants that can like

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that can survive in these conditions but

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usually for most other plants the soil

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has the volcanic rock has to be broken

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down first into endosol

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and here you can see um the ones that

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produce endosol this is a lichen lichen

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colonized lava rocks they're one of the

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first that can actually colonize them

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and as you know like light can grow very

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very slowly so you need a lot of

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patience but this is like an old lava

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flow from the 18th century and you can

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always see like almost the entire rock

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is covered with different types of

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lichen there are also some liken

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specialists that specialized on this

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basaltic on this basaltic lava

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and they actually change the surface of

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the rock so they enrich it with for

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example aluminium and iron and they can

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actually chemically out of the at the

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surface and also enrich it um with

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organics so if like over the centuries

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this soil breaks down we produce endosol

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and endosol is like a very rich very

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good fertilizer and that's also the

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reason why you have like on slopes of

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volcanoes so much agriculture because

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this is like a very rich soil but only

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after it's been broken down from the

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master biological perspective this is

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interesting because um it gives you a

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chemical signature that this rock was

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altered by life so if you analyze this

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rock this might actually give us

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interesting clues if we later find like

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fossilized versions of this so we might

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not find the life form that did this but

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we still might find a clue about erosion

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that happened due to the weathering of

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rocks by life

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so the other interesting area that i

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want to talk about are the salinella so

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like these um very salty um like mud uh

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mud volcanoes

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be on mars particularly in the northern

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hemisphere where there might have been

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once this large ocean so on the left

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side you see an image of orbit from

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orbit you can see

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from the scale it's actually like much

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smaller it looks like your usual volcano

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but like it's much much smaller so it

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only has a diameter of a kilometer a

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kilometer or so hundreds of meters

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and on the on the right side you can see

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the same phenomenon on earth there are

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some mud volcanoes from azerbaijan

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azerbaijan has the highest amount of

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material kings in the world like half of

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all much volcanoes in the world are

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nazan

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and you can also see some in canada so

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you see there's a lot of similarity

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between these structures so like you can

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understand why people assume that these

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might be mud volcanoes

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there's another clue that there's those

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might be mod related because we find um

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these type of mud cracks

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and they're also very similar to the

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ones that i observed in the mud volcano

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area in aetna so you can see like

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there's my pen for scale and this large

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slab of rock was 1.2 meters across so

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it's kind of like a quite very similar

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very similar scale

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how do much volcanoes form so they are

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not formed by lava but instead you need

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underground liquid water and gases and

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the pressure of these gases actually

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kind of like leads to small eruption and

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the gases are usually methane and co2

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but usually they are related to volcanic

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activity like in the like in the case of

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not volcanoes in edna

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the interesting thing about this for

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astrobiologists is of course that um if

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you have a subterranean biosphere where

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you have liquid water but it's harder

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for you to access this from the surface

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a much volcano may give you a direct

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access to this to this subterranean

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subsurface if you look at these bubbling

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pools at the saline in paterno you see a

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large variety of different types so you

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see some that are very very clear water

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others are like mixed with clays and

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they're very muddy you also see a large

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kind of like differences in shape um in

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size some around 10 centimeters larger

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ones are over one meter and you can also

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see what they look like when they dried

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out which is of course very interesting

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for people who want to study much

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volcanoes because the one that you will

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most likely find are the ones that are

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dried out

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they're called saline so they are quite

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salty it's um mostly sodium chloride you

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can also see like some of these crystals

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on the surface

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and they build a very like very nice

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layer so actually having these could um

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like having these interesting

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morphological structures could also be

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like a good sign of multiple connect

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mechanism having taken place

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and in this area um there are also

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extremophiles so there are some bacteria

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that are particularly adapted to these

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conditions they're usually alkalophiles

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you don't find thermophiles because

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actually not volcanoes are not hot they

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are like usually between 10 to 20

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degrees and only sometimes saline can be

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hotter up to 50 degrees when aetna is

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particularly active

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so to summarize if you want to

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understand the results that we get from

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rover instruments we have to understand

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and we need a basis of reference for

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similar environments on earth

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volcanic environments were both

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widespread in early earlier earthen mars

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understanding the chemical alteration of

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rock by life might be an interesting

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biosignature that could be further

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investigated to find if this could be

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useful

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lava rock basaltic rock is also a very

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good protection from cosmic rays which

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also makes for example lava tubes or

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lava caves interesting as a shelter or

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as a microhabitat

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and mud volcanoes are widespread on mars

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although we have to be careful because

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the actual physics of mud

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on mars might be different from earth so

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like the structure that looks

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morphologically similar may be actually

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caused by different processes and things

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that look actually look different might

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be have caused by similar processes

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and of course mud volcanism is also

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interesting for astrology because

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provides a very particular type of

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habitat where you have an availability

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of liquid water

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and where you actually could get an

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thank you very much for listening to my

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talk and i'm available for questions in